The 1967 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership

BIOGRAPHY of Tun Abdul Razak

ABDUL RAZAK was born on March 11, 1922 at Pulau Keladi, Pekan, in the State of Pahang, Malaya (now Malaysia) to a family of long and distinguished record. His father, Dató Hussein bin Mohamed Taib was a prominent official in the Malayan Civil Service under the British colonial system and held the hereditary Malayan title of Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar (a Major Chief of Pahang) which had been in the family for generations.

RAZAK attended Malay School at Langgar, Pekan, and Malay College at Kuala Kangsar, Perak. After a year in the Malay Administrative Service he was chosen for further training and in 1940 was awarded a scholarship to Raffles College, Singapore, where he made a name for himself as an able student leader and an outstanding sportsman.

During the Japanese occupation of Malaya, RAZAK helped organize the Malay Resistance Movement (Wataniah) which in 1944 joined British guerrilla Force 136,with RAZAK given the rank of captain. He has since recalled that it was the sight of the British steadily retreating before the Japanese that stirred his sense of nationalism. "I thought," he said, "that if an Asian power could thus humble the might of British arms, surely my own people could look after themselves. This ultimately led me to enter politics."

When the Malay resistance forces were disbanded in 1945 RAZAK, following in his father's footsteps, took up civil service duties in the goldproducing district of Raub, Pahang, where he was Assistant District Officer. In 1947 he was awarded a scholarship to study law in England, and in October of that year joined Lincoln's Inn. Qualifying as a barrister-at-law in record-breaking time (18 months instead of the normal 36) he passed his final bar examination in April 1949 but had to wait another 13 months before he could be called to the Bar. Brilliant but not a bookish recluse, he organized and captained the first hockey team for Malays in Britain and his enthusiasm for politics led him to membership in the Fabian Society of London.

Throughout his years in England RAZAK was also active in the Malay Society of Great Britain—the Malay students' political organization in London—and became Secretary of the Society in 1947. Its President then was Tunku Abdul Rahman whom he succeeded in 1949. He and other friends took turns reading law texts aloud to the Tunku who learned best by ear, and the group followed closely and discussed at length developments at home. The friendship and political partnership between the Tunku and RAZAK that grew from these meetings were to have historic consequences for Malaya.

RAZAK returned to Malaya in May 1950 because of the death of his father and he rejoined the Malay Civil Service as Deputy State Secretary of Pahang. He continued to take an active part in the growing movement for independence as elected leader of the Youth Section and a vice president and member of the Executive Council of the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). When insistence by him and others upon inclusion of Chinese and Indian associate members caused the founding president to be unseated, RAZAK was prominent among the UMNO leaders who helped persuade Tunku Abdul Rahman to quit his government position and assume the leadership of UMNO in August 1951. RAZAK became Deputy President and has been so reelected ever since.

In February 1951, RAZAK was nominated an unofficial member of Malaya's Federal Legislative Council. In January 1952, at the age of 30, he became State Secretary of Pahang, the highest civil service position in the State Administration, and in February 1955 he was elevated to Mentri Besar (Chief Minister) of Pahang. In both appointments he broke records; no one before him had reached such high position at so early an age and in such a remarkably short time.

From his earliest days of working for the independence of Malaya, RAZAK was motivated by the conviction that the future of his country would depend on the unity of all its people of various races. To this end he helped organize the Alliance Party, which was begun in 1953, by bringing together the leaders of the three major parties—Tunku Abdul Rahman, UMNO; Tan Cheng Lock, Malayan Chinese Association; and V. T. Sambanthan, Malayan Indian Congress—to discuss matters of mutual concern.

Looking back on those years RAZAK has said that the launching of a democratic way of life after the ending of the colonial rule in Malaya (Malaysia) was perhaps more difficult because there were circumstances which apply particularly to Malaya and perhaps do not exist in many other countries: "Not only did we have to learn methods of governing a Federation, we also had to learn the technique and skill of handling a mixed community and apply democracy with an electorate comprising Malays, Chinese, Indians and others and then blend this mixture into a mature nation, Malaysian in outlook, Malaysian in aim and attitude and backstopped by a form of Federation so that we would forge forward in our democratic destiny."

RAZAK, as one of the organizers and leaders of the Alliance Party, was a member of the Alliance delegation that traveled to London in 1954 for a meeting with the Secretary of State for Colonies. After the talks he stayed on in London long enough to organize the Merdeka (Independence) Bureau. When the British granted Malaya self-government in 1955 and introduced the first general election in the country, RAZAK resigned his post as Chief-Minister of Pahang to stand for election in his home constituency. He won easily, defeating his sole opponent by obtaining about 87 per cent of the votes cast. Following the elections, RAZAK was appointed in August 1955 Minister of Education and was the youngest member in the first cabinet of the newly elected Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman.

As Minister of Education RAZAK turned immediately to development of an education policy that would be "a charter for the children of independent Malaya." The RAZAK "Report on Education in Malaya" published in 1956 stamps him as a leader firmly dedicated to the ideal of a united Malayan nation.

Opposing his education plan were many who thought it was not possible to bring together various types of schools with different languages under one national system of education. The Malay teachers in particular, were intractable but criticism of him never went beyond the merits of the policy. His integrity was never questioned.

Finally, as RAZAK notes, "with patience, understanding and goodwill we were able to produce a national education policy . . . formulated to give our children the best education possible to make them useful and loyal citizens of our country. . . .every type of school has been brought under our national system of education and has been given equal treatment."

In 1956 RAZAK went to London as a member of the Independence Mission for negotiations that resulted in the granting of independence to Malaya in 1957. In the new cabinet of independent Malaya, RAZAK was made Deputy Prime Minister and Minister both of Defense and of Internal Security. Malaya then was being harassed by Chinese-led communist guerrillas. The British had been fighting the communists since 1948 and, after nine years, the war was far from being won. The new Defense Minister soon became the driving force in uniting the people and renewing their determination to defeat the communists. Finally in July 1960, the government was able to announce the end of the 12-year State of Emergency brought about by the communist insurgency.

Following the defeat of their armed struggle the communists went underground and stepped up their infiltration into trade unions, schools and cultural organizations. RAZAK realized that the battle for democracy had in fact just begun. With the achievement of independence Malaya had established political democracy. Now, he believed, the people had a right to expect that there should also be "economic democracy."

During the Emergency a few rather scattered development programs had been carried out, particularly in the pro-communist districts. Meager though they were, they had paid dividends. Now RAZAK proposed a plan to carry on such efforts on a national scale, aiming at stabilizing the country politically and economically by bridging the gap between the richer communities in the towns and the poorer ones in the rural areas. In 1960, while continuing his duties as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, RAZAK gave up his portfolio of Internal Security to become Minister of National and Rural Development.

His Rural Development "Red Book" of 1960 provided a blueprint for development in Malaya. This second major contribution to the country's growth, like the earlier Education Report of 1956, reveals the hand of a doer and a consolidator who seeks to ensure that every gain is solid.

In presenting his five-year program, RAZAK pointed out that Malaya's new national rural development policy was designed "to give full recognition to the universal principle that no nation anywhere in the world can hope to develop or progress except by the full-hearted cooperation and energetic efforts of each and every one of its citizens."

"The degree of progress achieved by a nation," he continued, "is in truth really a reflection and direct result of the progress made by each individual citizen in his daily task of raising and improving his own standard of living."

It was RAZAK's strong conviction that before calling on the people of the rural areas to help themselves, the government must first plan carefully at district, state and national levels, and government machinery must be reorganized, streamlined and geared towards greater efficiency for the benefit of the rural people.

Accordingly, RAZAK's rural development program was planned and carried out in several phases timed to take place at different periods throughout the 1960-1965 Five-Year Plan. Successive phases were run parallel and concurrent with other phases already underway.

The first phase concentrated on government action in laying the foundation framework for development in the rural areas. This framework consisted of such government projects as road, bridge and jetty building; improved health, education, veterinary, agricultural and other services; a faster system of land alienation; the development of rural and cottage industries; an increase in the number of schemes established by the Federal Land Development Authority for subsidized planting of rubber and other crops; and building mosques and temples.

Another phase provided ways for rural people to learn better agricultural methods and health practices, and acquire other knowledge necessary in order to achieve a higher standard of living. Trained government officials toured rural areas lecturing and demonstrating to the people. New extension services were created to offer opportunities for villagers to come and acquire such training themselves and return to their kampongs (villages) to pass on their new learning to others.

A particularly important phase to the former Minister of Education was the national adult education drive to eliminate illiteracy, to increase fluency in the national language, and "to instill in the hearts and minds of the people a sense of consciousness of their duties and responsibilities as citizens of an independent country." The literature used for teaching adult education classes also incorporated knowledge essential to the maintenance of better health, better crops, and better living.

The final phase, and the last to be launched, consisted of "a call to action by the people to play their part and to give of their best in this great task of nation building." This phase was designed to give the rural people a clear understanding of how they themselves could obtain a better way of life by building on the firm foundation laid by the government in earlier phases.

The main emphasis here, RAZAK pointed out, was on taking all steps possible to encourage the rural people to develop their land to the fullest extent. Stress was laid "on the realization that their own particular plot of land is in fact a small part of Malaya, the progress of which is in trust to them and entirely in their own hands; and that therefore their duty to the nation as a whole is to fulfill this trust to the best of their ability."

Another important aspect of this phase, was "the revival and rejuvenation of our national tradition of cooperative kampong effort which has held its place in our rural communities since the days of Hang Tuah. It is the practice of what is now known in new words in other countries as community development—a time-honored practice which has been the mainstay of our rural life in Malaya for many years.

To insure implementation, RAZAK borrowed from his military experience to design and set up a National Development Operations Room in which the development plans of each department, district and state are kept charted on maps and progress is plotted from month to month. By spotlighting the progress of all aspects of the national rural development plan, it is possible to detect, diagnose and remedy any delays in development when and where they occur. The Operations Room is duplicated from state capitals down to the smallest district, providing a realistic check with officials at each level, and keeping the progress of each program under constant scrutiny.

Many of the successful elements of RAZAK's rural development planning and organization have been passed on to other countries through contacts established under the Colombo Plan, the Association of South-East Asia, and the UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE). His Operations Room, the focal center of rural development, is now "a must" for all important visitors to Malaysia, many of whom come for the specific purpose of studying its working.

This National Rural Development Plan (now incorporated in the National Development Plan of Malaysia) has been called "one of the most

successful efforts of economic upliftment of the poor people ever carried out in any developing country."

By 1966, 145,000 acres of new land had been carved out of virgin jungle. In these new clearings some 60 new kampongs had been established, housing nearly 12,000 landless families. Most were Malays who comprise the overwhelming majority of the rural population. Under the government's land development scheme, each settler is expected to engage in farming and received 10 acres—six for rubber, two for orchards, and two for padi (rice). In areas unsuitable for rice cultivation, eight acres for rubber were provided. Projections showed that with this size holding and these crops the program's target of M$350 (US$135) a month for every farmer could be obtained.

When rural development first started, some of the landless families were reluctant to leave their traditional kampongs. As they began to realize the benefits of the scheme, and the amenities they would get when starting a new life on new land—with schools, hospitals, clinics, water supplies and electricity—applications for resettlement increased. Within two years the government was receiving more applications than it could satisfy.

In the rural areas of Peninsular Malaysia 31 health centers, 127 subhealth centers, and 638 midwife clinics were constructed. Staff include family planning workers as well as other medical and health personnel. In that same area the crude death rate fell from 12.4 per cent in 1957 to 7.2 per cent in 1966, with infant mortality dropping from 75 to 50 per thousand.

The adult education classes set up throughout the country had almost erased illiteracy in the Malay Peninsula by 1966, and would later be extended to the new states of East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak). The health clinics were undermanned at the beginning, but in a few years were being fully staffed by trained personnel as the government training programs began to produce a steady supply of doctors, nurses, social workers and aides.

Diversification of the national economy was a policy of the Alliance Government so as not to be entirely reliant on the two main national resources of rubber and tin. One area receiving special attention was better production of livestock products, not only for diversification but also to provide a higher protein diet for rural people. As a result, while the total value of animal products produced in 1960 was about M$180 million, over the five-year period its value increased to M$350 million, a 9.5 per cent annual growth rate.

In this same period, 1961-66, some 3,600 miles of roads were built, and 13,200 low-cost housing units constructed, in addition to those on resettlement schemes. Irrigation and drainage projects, water supplies, electricity and other amenities were also supplied throughout the country.

Commenting on this aspect of the development plan, a report of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development stated: "About 52 per cent of the total public sector investment has been in power and water utilities, transport facilities and communications in which investment has nearly tripled compared with the five years previous to 1961. This has resulted in the improvement of an already sound material infrastructure. The 12 per cent per annum growth in power demand has been met efficiently, and water and sewage facilities have steadily improved. Telecommunications services on the Malayan Peninsula are steadily improving . . . . Postal Services are both efficient and profitable to the Government. There has been considerable expenditure on introducing television which might in the long run become an asset. In the transportation field, roads and bridges alone accounted for 17.5 per cent of the country's public investment. Some of this investment—for example the improvements which have benefited the rapidly expanding road haulage industry—has been fully justified . . . . In general, the volume and allocation of capital expenditure has been sound and the record of execution has been unusually good."

With the incorporation of Sabah and Sarawak and the establishment of Malaysia in 1963, work has started on an integrated plan; in 1966 the Alliance Government launched the First Malaysia Development Plan, 1966-1970. A priority in the Plan was land development, which the government called "a matter of great need and urgency." It was estimated that at least 65,000 families needed to be settled on newly opened land in Peninsular Malaysia by the end of 1970, while a further large number required additional land to supplement existing inadequate acreages. In Sabah and Sarawak the goal was to settle 12,000 families and 11,750 families, respectively, on new smallholdings.

To meet these needs about 400,000 to 450,000 acres would have to be opened up in Peninsular Malaysia, 60,000 acres in Sabah and 80,000 acres in Sarawak. "This is a massive program by any standard," the Plan noted, "but its achievement will enable a substantial number of families to find livelihood and homes on new land, and the country as a whole to benefit in the years to come from a large increase in agricultural production, with accompanying growth in exports and import substitution." In line with diversification policies, the Plan stressed that in opening up this new land, the main emphasis would be given to the cultivation of the oil palm rather than rubber.

The Plan also took note of a chronic problem of the small, rural farmer—heavy indebtedness to local middlemen and moneylenders. Accordingly, the Plan provided for the establishment of Bank Bumiputra, to assist in the creation, expansion and modernization of agricultural enterprises by providing loans and advances to bumiputra ("sons of the soil," a term considered by Malays to apply only to Malays) enterprises requiring assistance. In addition, to support and encourage the development of the rural cooperative movement, the Plan earmarked M$16.5 million to be provided to rural cooperative societies in the form of loans. This, together with their own resources, would enable rural cooperative societies to extend short-term credit for the seasonal requirements of individual farmers and for group purchases of supplies such as fertilizer; medium-term credit for a variety of agricultural projects, including redemption of charged properties (under the Torrens System properties are "charged" instead of mortgaged); purchase of new land; improvement of old holdings; mechanization of operations, and processing and marketing schemes.

With the launching of the Malaysia Development Plan, RAZAK now turned to the final phase of his Rural Development Plan—the "call to action by the people." On March 16, 1966 Deputy Prime Minister RAZAK launched "Gerakan Maju" (Operation Progress) in Kuala l.umpur. Speaking at Stadium Negra, he called on the people, especially the rural people, to cooperate closely with the government in the economic and social upliftment of the nation as a whole.

"Stand on your own feet and get to work," he told them, urging them: to revive the pioneering spirit of their forefathers and the vitality to work harder to achieve prosperity. This inherent spirit of the people of Malaysia, he continued, was destroyed during the colonial rule. "In those, days the people just sat and watched others do the work. Now the situation is different, the people are expected to do the jobs themselves."

He ended with an expression of confidence that the people would live up to expectations because "the changes that have taken place in kampongs and towns are clear proof that progress has been tremendous and satisfactory."

Speaking later to a foreign visitor, Tun RAZAK explained why Malaysia's rural development had to start with the infrastructure roads and buildings:

"We promised the people that under a democracy their opportunities for a better life with individual freedom are possible. We fought Communism, and if we do not improve the life of our people, then they will find Communism attractive and the fight would have been a lost cause. We have to show them now that the Government cares for them, that the Government is here to serve them.

"We told them we will give them roads to bring their products on, schools to send their children to, hospitals and clinics to improve their health. We cannot waste our time—we have to work fast, we have to show results for we are judged by our performance, not by what we promise. People must see the results of their Government's work in tangible form to regain their confidence. They have been neglected for so long.

"It is true that we have not involved them as we should have, but that is the second phase in our rural development, and we are doing that now. Now that the infrastructure has been built, we can go to the people and tell them 'we have done what the Government has promised, now you must do your share.' "

To implement "Operation Progress," RAZAK set up the National Committee on Gerakan Maju, a group of specially selected officers charged with continuously thinking out and planning new means of enlisting the participation of the people. Their goal, RAZAK told them, "is to finally exterminate the old germ of colonialism which led people to depend on the government instead of depending on themselves."

"Gerakan maju," said RAZAK, "is an exercise for the 'rediscovery' of the latent talents which we know exist in abundance in every heart, mind and body of our people. . . .The task which lies before our nation today . . . is to capture and channel this spirit of self-reliance and mobilize it towards a greater effort in development, and at the same time, to utilize this awakening and unity of purpose, to maintain and sustain the maximum possible effort of development by our people for the progress of our people."

RAZAK believes that the team approach is necessary in community development, and he holds regular briefings with officials of departments concerned. "I judge my people by results and the party is judged by results. They cannot give me the excuse of being busy, they must assign priorities. I do not mince my words with people when they do not do their work. The Op Room is updated by the ministries and since they do not know who will be asked next, they must come prepared."

A frequent observer at RAZAK's briefing sessions makes these comments: "It is fascinating to watch the Tun at these sessions. He is very gentle with them. He calls to their attention that target dates are not being kept and asks why they cannot deliver as projected. These sessions are taped. At the next session, if the same delay is reflected on the graphs, the official is asked to explain. If his excuse does not hold water, you can imagine his embarrassment at being caught making up excuses, because the Tun can replay the tape on the promises of performance at the last meeting. The very next day, or that afternoon, the Tun may visit the project or the State in question, and their Op Room must tell the same story." Often heard is one of RAZAK's favorite quotations: "One cannot buy an inch of time with an inch of gold."

His colleagues agree that when it comes to getting things done and dedication to work, no one can equal Tun RAZAK. He works an average of 12 to 16 hours a day every day of the year. This is the reason, they point out, why "everybody wants any big project to be under the Tun, so they can be assured of performance and immediate results." At the same time, they point out that "he tries to imbue those around him with the urgency of the problems of their country and to think for themselves."

RAZAK, said to spend more time touring districts than the rest of the Cabinet combined, is always on the move, inspecting, checking, and traveling an average of 60,000 miles a year. On his tours he uses planes, helicopters, boats, bicycles and buses and has often gone on foot to visit remote areas undergoing development in Sabah in the east, or in Perlis on the Thai border. He prefers unannounced, on-the-spot inspections, sometimes to the discomfort of the civil servants involved. The story is told that one District Officer, given three hours notice that RAZAK would be calling on him for a full briefing on projects under his supervision, fainted when he heard the Minister's plane overhead.

As Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman's deputy and righthand man, Tun RAZAK has undertaken many foreign visits to promote international understanding and help secure peace in Southeast Asia. Among the most recent: he paid an official visit to Japan, October 1961; was chairman of the 13th Meeting of Colombo Plan Consultative Committee in Kuala Lumpur, November 1961; attended the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in London, September 1962; visited the Republic of Korea at that Government's invitation, November 1962; led the Malayan delegation to the 19th Session of ECAFE in Manila, March 1963; paid a three-week visit to the United States at that Government's invitation, April-May, 1963; led the Malaysian delegation to the Tripartite (Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia) Ministerial Meeting in Manila, June 1963; attended Malaysia talks in London, June 1963; led the Malaysia delegation at Tripartite talks in Bangkok, February and March 1964; led a Malaysian goodwill mission to a group of African countries, November-December 1964. He also served as Acting Prime Minister in March 1964 while the Tunku was on leave prior to the General Elections of that year.

Tun RAZAK has been accorded numerous honors by his country and others. He inherited the title of Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar from his father and holds other orders of Malay knighthood bestowed for distinguished service by the rulers of Johore, Kelantan, Brunei, Trengganu and Perak as well as an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Malaya. He is a Knight Grand Cordon of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand, a Grand Officer of the National Order of Vietnam, and was awarded the Republic of Korea Order of Service Merit (First Class). In 1959 the Yang Di Pertuan Agung (the King of Malaya) awarded him Sri Maharaja Mangku Negara (S.M.N.) (Grand Knight of the Most Distinguished Order of Defender of the Realm) which entitled him to be styled "Tun."

In spite of his high position and many honors, Tun ABDUL BAZAK lives very simply with his wife, Toh Puan Rahah, whom he married in 1952, their four young sons and their adopted Chinese daughter, Saida. Madame Toh Puan Rahah frequently accompanies her husband on his official visits, and has traveled extensively in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and Asia. She is active in Kaum Ibu (women's organization of UMNO), the National Federation of Women's Institutes, and the Women's International Club, Kuala Lumpur. Recently, she was elected President of the National Ladies Hockey Federation.

Tun RAZAK too has continued his interest in hockey, and is currently president of the Malayan Hockey Federation. RAZAK has been called "the man who wants to know," and the diversity of his interests is reflected in the variety of outside organizations to which he gives his time. He serves as President of the Malaysia Olympic Council; Federation of Malaya United Nations Association; Royal Asiatic Society, Malaya Branch; Malayan Historical Society; Malayan Zoological Society; Federation of Malaya St. John's Ambulance Association; and Chairman, Advisory Council of Malayan Association of Youth Clubs.

As Deputy Prime Minister, Tun Haji ABDUL RAZAK bin Dató Hussein is the second man in the Alliance Party hierarchy and in Malaysian politics. Last year, discussing a successor, Tunku Abdul Rahman told the nation, "RAZAK is the most outstanding candidate." One writer summed up the man and his career this way:

"fun RAZAK is a nationalist, the rarer kind of nationalist who values achievements more than postures and demagoguery. Through his political career, he has wanted to give the bumiputra his rightful place in his own country.

"He has been criticized by non-Malaya for being unsympathetic; at the same time he has been attacked by Malays for not doing enough quickly enough. He hears them all and says little. He keeps his own sense of pace and direction.

"No historian will be able to write of Tun RAZAK, or, for that matter, of the history of Malaysia since independence, without referring to his plans for rural development.

"At each stage of development, he has shown a strong, creative, innovative approach to problems of administration. His 'Operations Room' has been internationally acclaimed. His frequent on-the-spot investigations have made a deep impression on state, district and local governments.

"No other political leader in the new nations has devoted as much thought and energy to the problems of implementation. And, though it will be some years before the results can be fully measured, his efforts already have their place in our history."

In a recent speech, RAZAK expressed his hopes and feelings about the future:

"There is still much to be done. Most of our people in the rural areas have not yet enjoyed the standard of living that we desire them to have. Some of our people in the towns are not earning enough to live a decent life. Some of them have no homes of their own. It will be our duty to provide them with all this, and we are determined to do all this.

"But our ultimate aim must be to create one people, one nation, out of our people of various races. We intend to do this through democratic processes, upholding the principle of democracy in which we strongly believe. While we march forward towards this ultimate goal, we will continue with our policy of economic development, of giving a fair deal to our people, of making adjustments here and there so that every one of our citizens has a just and rightful place in our society."

August 1967 Manila

REFERENCES:

Books, Journals and Monographs:

Hasmah, Sita. "Problems of Family Planning Amongst Rural communities." Mimeographed. Undated.

______. "Rural Habits, Customs and Beliefs and Common Problems in Rural Areas.", Mimeographed. Undated.

``Razak in London to Seek Money Aid for Malaysia," Philippines Herald. May 11, 1963.

``Razak Takes Over the Reins," The Standard. Kuala Lumpur. April 16, 1959.

``Stand On Your Own Feet," Malaysia Hari Ini. Vol. I, no. 1, 1966.

Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur. February 11, 1959; April 12, October 4, 1961; April 15, 1962; April 24,26, 1963; March 11, 1967.

``Tun Razak—The ‘Brains’ Behind The Alliance,'' The Sunday Mail. Kuala Lumpur, October 14, 1962.

Speeches of Tun Abdul Razak:

Moslem New Year Message. 1966.

Chinese New Year Message. Kuala Lumpur. January 20, 1966.

Seminar on Democracy and Development in South East Asia, University of Malaya. February 21, 1966.

Opening of the Malay Chinese Association (MCA) Youth Conference at the Chinese Assembly. Kuala Lumpur. February 25, 1966.

Annual Dinner of Institution of Engineers. Kuala Lumpur. April 23, 1966.

Opening of the Joint Working Party of the Association of South East Asia, Kuala Lumpur. April 27, 1966.

Inaugural Meeting of Council of Trust for the Indigenous People. Kuala Lumpur. June 6, 1966.

Second Annual Conference of the Association of Veterinary Surgeons. Kuala Lumpur. July 1, 1966.

National committee on Gerakan Maju (Operation Progress). January 17, 1967.

Interviews with and letters from persons acquainted with Tun Abdul Kazak. Observation of Operations Room and rural development work.