At the end of World War II it became apparent to many welfare organizations in the United States that a massive effort would be required to assist the people of the devastated countries of Europe. Many among the millions of displaced and destitute persons were friends and relatives of Americans who, in turn, were besieging their local service agencies for help in sending assistance. Recognizing the need for an overall organization to avoid duplication and to coordinate efforts, 23 American welfare and service groups banded together to organize the COOPERATIVE FOR AMERICAN REMITTANCES TO EUROPE— soon to become internationally known by its acronym CARE. It was incorporated in the District of Columbia on November 27, 1945. Its purpose was to assemble centrally all supplies and donations and supervise the distribution of food parcels, paid for by the American people, to the starving in Europe.

To meet immediate needs, it was decided to purchase and distribute surplus military 10-in-1 rations which had been packaged to feed 10 soldiers for 1 day or 1 soldier for 10 days. These first CARE packages were delivered to Le Havre, France, in May 1946. Initially CARE packages meant food; postwar relief was aimed primarily at keeping people alive until their countries could be restored to a semblance of normalcy. This short-term goal was specifically recognized in its charter: CARE was to be dissolved in five years or less and its capital was to be distributed as therein stated.

As the industries of European countries were revitalized and their people became more and more able to satisfy their own requirements, CARE began to withdraw from Europe and concentrate on the underdeveloped countries in other parts of the world. By 1949 CARE had begun operations in Asia, the Middle East, Latin America and Africa, and it changed its name to COOPERATIVE FOR AMERICAN RELIEF EVERYWHERE. It also changed its legal life-span from five years to "perpetuity."

With the transfer of aid from industrialized countries to developing countries with primarily agricultural economies, CARE recognized that a wider variety of assistance would be called for. It would have to meet the more complex and long-term needs of the millions of people who lived in villages, without schools, roads or even potable water; who did not have enough to eat; who from birth until death might never see a doctor; who could not read or write. While still in Europe, CARE had developed its own food packages when the surplus 10-in-1 rations were no longer available. Now redesigned to meet the needs of the countries served, new diversified packages contained rice for countries where rice was the staple, flour for other countries, and kosher packages for Israel. Packages were also designed which supplied items such as layettes, blankets, shoes and clothing for individuals; tools for agriculture or for vocational schools; kits for schools. By the early 1950's CARE could begin sending to the destitute in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America packages of tools and supplies to meet every conceivable need: to improve food production, teach new crafts, train workers for new jobs, teach adults to read and write, educate the young, and assist in the construction of roads, schools, clinics, water systems, sanitation facilities and community centers.

In 1954 the United States enacted Public Law 480, which permitted recognized U.S. voluntary agencies such as CARE to request certain commodities from the stockpile accumulated as a result of the government's farm subsidy program. This enabled CARE, after discussion with and approval by U.S. government officials and acceptance by host governments, to develop elementary school lunch programs with CARE supplying necessary food supplements; programs to feed undernourished pre-school age children and pregnant and nursing mothers; and "Food for Work" projects. "Food for Work" projects were three-way efforts, with the local and/or national government of the host country supplying financial and technical assistance, the people in the community providing labor, and CARE paying part of the labor costs in the form of food rations given the workers. This enabled communities to undertake public works—building roads, clinics, irrigation systems and schools and replanting forests—they could not otherwise afford.

CARE is now one of a number of relief agencies that undertake substantial distribution abroad of surplus U.S. foodstuffs. Organizations handling the largest valuation of foodstuffs in 1964 were Catholic Relief Service, CARE and Church World Service in that order. Most of the cost of the food and of the ocean transportation is paid for by the United States government. CARE and the other agencies are responsible for programs, their content and execution.

The CARE program in the Philippines has been called "one of the best examples of an effective, coordinated CARE program of self-help, feeding the hungry, and helping the sick." CARE operations in the Philippines began in 1949, at a time when the country was still suffering from the disastrous effects of World War II. The war had destroyed 60 per cent of the country's livestock, reduced crop production to half and wrecked the interisland fishing fleet. Feeding the hungry was the primary objective. For the first six years of operation, CARE food aid to needy families totaled the cost equivalent of $100,000 (all monetary values cited are in U.S. dollars) annually.

Nearly half the Philippine elementary school population was suffering from malnutrition. To counter this problem CARE proposed a school lunch program that was begun in 1953 with certain commodities for the program imported by CARE. In 1957 the first agreement between CARE and the Bureau of Public Schools was signed, making the fight against malnutrition a cooperative effort between the American agency and the Philippine government. Using two principal commodities and milk powder—in a predetermined recipe for maximum effectiveness, teachers began distributing a nutritious, protein-rich blend to supplement the school children's midday meal. Although the feeding program was primarily aimed at warding off hunger and checking diseases that prey on malnutrition and undernourishment, a few years' experience showed other important benefits; the school dropout rate was decreasing and children were performing better in school. The supplement provided the protein scientists have found necessary for this young age group to insure normal mental development. As one Manila newspaper commented, "In a country where some 72 per cent of the school children don't finish the sixth grade, and about 40 per cent drop out after completing the fourth grade, the effect of the milk-cornmeal gifts cannot be minimized."

Although food was, of necessity, the basic item in CARE assistance for the Philippines, self-help tools soon followed: tool kits and sewing machines for community centers; power and hand sprayers for fruit and tobacco growers; outboard motors for fishing villages; farm implements, vegetable seeds, fruit tree saplings, tractors, and carabaos (water buffaloes) for farmers; tool kits for vocational schools; textbooks for schools and libraries. CARE has also distributed several thousand transistor radios to remote barrios (villages) which have proved to be an effective medium for transmitting all types of information and for creating interest and participation in community self-help projects.

A pig-breeding project, with CARE supplying the piglets, was started in 1966, and is expected to increase the income of those participating by at least one-third. In this program CARE gives a subsistence farmer one piglet. The farmer "repays" CARE by giving back four piglets from his first litter for distribution to other farmers, thus creating a chain of self-help in his community.

Over 1,000 special medical kits have aided in the establishment of public health clinics in rural areas, and medical kits have been given remote barrio schools so first-aid supplies will be on hand to cope with accidents. CARE "clinics-on-wheels" help public health doctors in their fight against disease, and mobile deworming units travel throughout the Philippines for examination and treatment of school children. These units are staffed and operated by the Bureau of Public Schools and coordinated with the school feeding program.

An example of the type of cooperation CARE believes is most effective in meeting the needs of rural areas was the construction in 1960 of a 10-bed hospital in the little town of Mayoyao, located in an isolated area of Mountain Province in the northern Philippines. The town, with a population of 20,000,needed a hospital but the mostly poor rice farmers, lacked the resources to provide one. To get medical attention the Mayoyaos had to travel over 80 kilometers of rugged terrain and treacherous mountain trail. Construction of "the hospital in the clouds" was made possible by a pooling of resources, spearheaded by CARE and the Philippine Jaycees. CARE provided the money for construction materials and the technical assistance, and the Jaycees agreed to pay for staff salaries and upkeep for the first two years of operation. The Mayoyaos provided the land and the labor. The Philippine Army provided trucks to haul lumber and equipment to the site from Manila and Baguio, and pharmaceutical companies in the Philippines donated drugs to supply the hospital for its first year of operation. "The Mayoyao Medical Center will operate on a self-paying basis," said Gregorio Araneta II, president of the Jaycee-CARE project. "Charges are the least possible, payable in cash or services. The primary aim is to sustain the proved idea of self-help that inspired the Mayoyao project. There's no contesting this idea of asserting one's dignity by paying or working for something. Our time has seen enough of handouts being the rule rather than the exception."

In community development CARE does not itself provide technicians, but rather cooperates with local technical groups. The Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM) and CARE have worked closely for a number of years, particularly in central Luzon, in developing projects to increase food production, improve living conditions, and raise the annual income of farmers. Similarly, CARE has leaned heavily on the advice and guidance of Presidential Assistant on Community Development technicians, and the two organizations have cooperated in construction of artesian wells, building of schools, distribution of seeds and garden tools, and in providing sports equipment as part of the overall Barrio Development Plan. CARE's share is to provide food rations for the village worker engaged in a community self-help project. A typical "payment" of food for a day's work on a self-help project consists of five pounds of wheat flour, powdered milk, oleomargarine and cooking oil.

Emergency action during wars and natural disasters is also a major service of CARE. In the summer of 1954 CARE launched a relief and rehabilitation service in South Vietnam, the first international agency to come to the aid of refugees who fled from the Communist north after the Geneva Conference decision of July 1954 partitioning Vietnam. In the ensuing years, despite the continuing fighting, CARE has brought food and other aid to war victims in every province. With the seven CARE representatives in the area acting as coordinators, U.S. Marines and South Vietnamese Rangers have airlifted relief packages over hazardous areas, and U.S. and South Vietnamese Civic Action teams have distributed the airlifted rice and salt rations and the tools needed by the people to rebuild their devastated villages and grow new crops. In the embattled Cam Ranh Bay area fishermen have been provided with tools and building materials for the construction of boats to take the place of craft destroyed by the Viet Cong. Textile packages have been distributed to families who fled their homes with only the clothes on their backs. Sewing machines have been provided to refugee camps and orphanages. CARE-sponsored medical teams, mostly plastic surgeons, have continued to help civilian war casualties.

In the year ending June 30, 1967 nearly $800,000 worth of supplies were delivered to refugees and other civilian war victims. These CARE gifts included: 502,000 packages of rice and salt; 13,774 textile packages, each containing materials and sewing accessories to make garments for five persons; 105,570 school kits for children whose parents could not afford even the simplest school supplies; 4,612 mosquito nets (manufactured by a widow's cooperative CARE helped equip the previous year), and 3 motorized sampan ambulances to bring medical teams to villages accessible only by canal or river. The gifts also included supplies to help refugees become self-supporting: hand tools, livestock, and irrigation and crop-processing equipment for farmers; and tool kits for carpenters, masons, blacksmiths and other craftsmen. As a further aid to the Vietnamese economy, 90 per cent of purchasing was done locally.

One of the greatest challenges to CARE's ability to take swift, emergency action in times of natural disasters was the famine in the state of Bihar, India, in 1966. CARE had been conducting school lunch programs for nine million children in other Indian states even before the drought in Bihar. In September 1966, when the monsoon rains failed to arrive for the second straight year, officials of Bihar and the Central Government asked CARE to organize a midday meal program for the most vulnerable famine victims—children up to age 14 and pregnant or nursing mothers. By the middle of October CARE had installed an emergency team in the area, initial supplies had been lent by other agencies or transferred from other programs, and meals were being distributed. Commodities donated by the United States, Canada and other governments, and food supplements bought by CARE, were the mainstay of the meals. The Indian central and state governments provided internal transport, warehouses and cooks.

At the height of the famine CARE was feeding five million women and children with daily meals prepared and served at 27,000 school sites throughout Bihar. Similar programs were mounted for another 1.5 million famine victims in the states of Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. By June 1967 over 155,000 tons of food had been distributed in Bihar alone, and contributions from the American public for India famine relief totaled $1,080,000.

As disease began to take its toll of lives already weakened by hunger, CARE flew in 200,000 doses of vaccine to halt a smallpox epidemic. When wells and river beds began to dry up in the Gaya District, CARE helped drill and equip drinking wells. The Peace Corps lent 25 Volunteers to advise and supervise villagers who worked on the project. Two hundred wells for as many villages were constructed.

With return of the monsoon rains in mid-1967, farmers were able to plant their fields again, but the food situation remained serious. It is estimated that CARE's emergency feeding program will have to continue until completion of the 1968 harvest, after which time it will be possible to reduce the number being fed daily to three million. In addition to continuing midday meals for those caught in the aftermath of the drought, CARE is surveying the need for agricultural equipment and seeking to determine how it can best help prevent future famine.

While the goal of better health is furthered by many aspects of CARE's work, the most far-reaching health contribution is through its MEDICO service. Here, perhaps more than in any other CARE program, the priceless ingredient is the professional skill of the men and women who serve on treat-and-teach missions in nations where modern medical facilities are still in the developing stage.

Medical International Corporation (MEDICO) was founded in 1958 by Dr. Thomas A. Dooley, who had served as a U.S. Navy physician in Vietnam in 1954 and had headed a medical mission to Laos in 1956 under the aegis of the international Rescue Committee. During his year there Dooley and a group of volunteer assistants attended to the needs of more that 45,000 Laotians, some of whom had never previously seen trained medical man. Out of this experience Dooley became convinced that medicine is one of the great bonds of unity within humankind and he saw MEDICO as a way "to bring direct, person-to-person medical aid to areas where the need is greatest." MEDICO merged with CARE in March 1962 and became its medical division.

CARE-MEDICO provides medical, surgical and clinical care for approximately 600,000 patients a year, to many for the first time in their lives. Its International Eye Foundation serves as a collection center for corneas donated in the- United States, which it jet-transports to designated areas. It also helps establish local eye banks. Of even greater importance is the training given local doctors, nurses, aides and technologists who will attend their own people in the years ahead.

CARE-MEDICO operates hospitals and clinics in developing and underdeveloped countries, using volunteer doctors, nurses and technicians. The MEDICO staff is comprised mostly of doctors who volunteer for two-year service and then return to private practice. There are also 125 to 150 physicians and surgeons a year who donate their services during their vacations and work for one or two months in remote MEDICO outposts. The latter usually pay their own transportation and living expenses; MEDICO furnishes equipment and medical supplies, much of which is donated by American manufacturers. MEDICO projects are undertaken at the request of the host government. As local personnel in one country become sufficiently trained to provide medical services for their own people, MEDICO staff move out to begin a program in another area.

CARE's World Headquarters are in New York City; its 19 field offices are located in 14 states and in Canada. The Canadian government and its citizens are major contributors to CARE, and Canadian doctors, nurses and technicians make up nearly half the MEDICO teams. Staff employed by CARE in the United States in 1968 numbered 311, with another 177 Americans representing CARE in its 34 overseas missions. In addition there were over 1,000 foreign nationals working in various capacities in CARE's countries of operation.

The CARE founding group of 23 member agencies has now increased to 26 and today include: American Baptist Relief, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, American Friends of Yugoslavia, American Fund for Czechoslovak Refugees, American Relief for Poland, Brethren Service Commission, Congregational Christian Service Committee, Cooperative League of the USA, Credit Union National Association, Fraternal Order of Eagles, General Conference of Seventh Day Adventists, General Federation of Women's

Clubs, International Rescue Committee, Lions International, National Council of Negro Women, National Farmers Union, National Grange, Pilot Club International, Save the Children Federation, Salvation Army, Tolstoy Foundation, United Hias Service, United Lithuanian Relief Fund of America, United Ukrainian American Relief Committee, World University Service and World Veterans Fund. These member agencies play no part in the daily operation of CARE and are not obligated at any time to provide financial support.

However, each of the member agencies has a representative on CARE's Board of Directors, the governing body which meets regularly without pay to approve policies and programs. The MEDICO Advisory Board, whose members are all prominent physicians and civic leaders, is also represented on the CARE Board. There is, in addition, a National Advisory Board whose members include presidents, chairmen, directors and owners of companies which represent a cross-section of the American business world; a Canadian member of parliament and a representative of the United Nations.

The two basic criteria for CARE assistance are need and assurance that government officials will welcome CARE programs in their country. In 1968 CARE is operating in: Afghanistan, Algeria, British Honduras, Ceylon, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Liberia, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Sierra Leone, South Korea, South Vietnam, Tunisia and Turkey. CARE ceased its work in Yugoslavia early 1968. At one time CARE was also in Czechoslovakia and Hungary and, for a very short time, in Cuba; it left because it was asked to.

To insure that its programs reach the most needy in the most effective way, CARE has criteria to guide its overseas staff and definite conditions that must be satisfied before a project is initiated. Before submitting a proposal to headquarters, a mission chief must determine that the need is urgent, that any aid given will benefit the majority and not just a few, and that available community resources are insufficient to meet the need without CARE's help. His proposal must include plans for phasing out the project by showing how, with initial aid from CARE, the local people will eventually be able to provide for themselves.

CARE headquarters then does a further study in terms of the potential of the project and its value in relation to submissions from other countries. If the proposal is given tentative approval, CARE seeks the host government's concurrence and the assurance that its officials will meet their responsibilities as drawn up in the CARE contract of assistance; in this manner the proposed program becomes an effective tool for individual and community improvement, not just a "handout."

Following standard CARE policy, the mission chief also consults with representatives of United States agencies in the area. Although CARE is a private, voluntary service organization, with no connection with the U.S. government, it nonetheless works closely with U.S. officials involved in aid programs in host countries. Finally, the mission chief makes the necessary arrangements with the local host agency for help in distribution and utilization of the proposed aid.

Once these steps have been taken and the program plan of action is approved, aid follows. CARE buys whatever commodities are not donated (whenever possible from the host country in order to stimulate the local economy), assembles and packs all U.S.-obtained items in its Philadelphia packaging plant and ships them to a central warehouse in the country of operation. By arrangement with the host country, all CARE packages are admitted tax and duty free. From the central warehouse distribution is handled by the CARE mission in the country, assisted by the host government which usually shares in the cost of warehousing and in-country transport, and the local cooperating agency. CARE supervises the utilization of the aid by the end-user.

CARE is supported by donations from individual Americans and Canadians of all ages and from all walks of life; by organizations which raise money to support special overseas projects to be conducted through CARE; by businesses—e.g., food processors, clothing and shoe manufacturers—who donate each year from $2.5 to $3.5 million worth of goods, and by the United States Government whose cash and commodity allocations amount to well over 80 per cent of the goods provided by CARE.

CARE makes widespread use of all communications media to inform the public, enlist its interest and support, and publicize its accomplishments. CARE also reports to individual donors how and where donations are used and the results. Donors may specify the kind of aid or the person and/or country they wish to help. When donations are designated, they are given what CARE calls "personal delivery"—each gift presented to a child, farmer, mother, institution or community bears the name and address of the individual donor or group of donors. When donations are pooled to make a standard package or a special purchase, then delivery is made with the inscription, "a gift from the people of the United States of America" or "from the people of Canada" or "from the people of North America" as the case may be.

Donors may give to any of the CARE relief and rehabilitation programs: Food Crusade, Self-Help, Package Program, Designated Packages

or MEDICO.

A large proportion of individual contributions come from people who give $1 each to the agency's Food Crusade. In fiscal year 1966-67, the total collected for this project reached $6,500,000. These contributions help pay for food parcels for victims of natural disasters and wars, and for needy children anywhere in the world. School children continue to be the largest single group of recipients of CARE Food Crusade aid, and comprise almost 27 million of the more than 37 million persons in 32 countries that CARE helped feed in 1966-67. Food Crusade packages consist largely of flour, cornmeal, shortening and powdered milk donated by the U.S. Government under Public Law 480. These foodstuffs are supplemented with items usually purchased locally not only to help the local economy but also to meet the dietary needs and tastes of the people being helped. Food Crusade packages are intended for general relief, and not for specific individuals, although CARE points out in its appeals for money that $1 will pay for sending such a package.

The Self-Help Program is often closely linked to the Food Crusade. Self-help packages are intended to start the receivers on activities that will eventually lead them to a better life and one of non-dependence, in part made possible through their own efforts. For example, under CARE's self-help policy, building a school in a rural village would require only the initial assistance of CARE. CARE would provide administration and supervision of the construction, material help in the form of food packages for the workers, and perhaps the donation of construction materials and school supplies. The villagers would be expected to supply the land, labor and any materials within their means, and the state or national education department would be expected to assure an adequate number of teachers and on-going educational support.

In 1967 alone, CARE donors directing their Self-Help contributions to education helped build 242 schools in 9 countries, thereby providing 510 classrooms for 16,500 students. They helped equip these and other schools already in operation with desks, chairs and supplies. A donation of $1 provided an elementary school kit containing a canvas bag, slate, eraser, pencils, ruler, primer, drawing book, notebook and pencil sharpener; $7 purchased a school desk and two chairs; $60 bought a basic library and $1,000 built a school room by providing for construction materials.

Self-Help purchases are made to meet other local needs. During the first 20 years of CARE operation 9,000 sewing machines were sent to vocational schools, workshops and community centers around the world to train men and women as tailors and seamstresses; and a total of 20,000 plows and wheel hoes, and more than 60,000 tool packets were shipped to farmers, agricultural schools, community centers and youth groups. In the year 1966-67 Self-Help shipments had a total value of $2,400,000.

When donors specify contributions to CARE's Package Program, they are paying for standardized vocational, agricultural and educational kits for distribution to needy institutions and groups in countries which they may designate. Twenty dollars will pay for one of a variety of kits— woodworking, metalworking, plumbing, masonry or electrical. The electrician's kit, for example, contains three screw drivers of varying sizes, three kinds of pliers, a claw hammer, two core solders, an alcohol torch, friction tape, a wire stripper, a flat file and handle, a three-piece interchangeable saw set and a metal tool box.

For $10 CARE will send a garden kit of 14 different varieties of seeds, 2.2. pounds of insecticide-fungicide, 2,500 tablets of fertilizer, one measuring cup and a five-gallon watering can. On a larger scale, and for $500, a package will be sent containing 24 of these garden kits, six agricultural hand tool packages, two pressure sprayers, two wheel hoes, one power-driven roto-tiller and one large soil test kit, which will give an entire village a good start towards raising its own supply of vegetables. Other standard items distributed through CARE's Package Program include textiles, hand-knitting machines, woolen blankets and children's shoes.

CARE is gradually discontinuing its program of Designated Packages; these can now be sent only to Korea and Israel.

While contributions to CARE-MEDICO are accepted in any amount, the program offers "giving guidelines" to enable donors to know what their help will accomplish. For example, $5 provides enough vaccine to inoculate 25 children against cholera; $10 treats an average of 14 persons at a jungle outpatient clinic; $15 airships corneas to restore the sight of a blind person, and $25 covers a typical operation and therapy necessary to enable a crippled child to walk. Five thousand dollars maintains a doctor at a post for a year, including his salary and living expenses. MEDICO receives substantial support from the American pharmaceutical industry. One company donated enough drugs and pharmaceutical supplies to equip initially six fully-staffed medical missions. In 1966-67 public contributions totaled $1,302,300. Added to this is the aid given by the United States and host governments, and the donation of services by volunteer specialists. The total dollar value of help rendered in the year ending June 30, 1967 was approximately $2,000,000.

In Malaysia MEDICO training programs at two hospitals have made it possible to turn services over to the local staff. The neurological unit, designed by a MEDICO neurosurgeon and established in 1963 at Kuala Lumpur General Hospital was turned over to the host country in 1967. At Kuala Lipis, where medical services were undertaken by MEDICO founder Dr. Thomas Dooley shortly before his death, local medical personnel, trained by successive MEDICO teams are now able to handle hospital and clinic services that are treating 3,500 patients a month, freeing MEDICO to serve the needs of the district hospital at Sungei Patani, Kedah.

In South Vietnam, despite the limitations caused by war, volunteer specialists—mainly plastic surgeons whose skills are especially needed for restorative surgery on civilian war casualties—serve seven months of the year. In Afghanistan CARE-MEDICO's largest teaching program reaches students at the medical schools of the universities of Kabul the Jalalabad School of Nursing (for male nurses) and the Zoishgah Maternity Hospital (for female nurses).

In the 22 years since it began operation CARE has reached 66 countries on four continents; its total assistance has involved over one billion dollars worth of goods and supplies. During the year ending June 30, 1967, CARE distributed $99, 194, 128 in food, supplies and equipment in 32 countries, at a low overhead cost of approximately seven per cent. "CARE penny-pinching," said a recent article in the Wall Street Journal, "has won the organization a legion of fans and hardly any foes. It gets high marks from the National Information Bureau, a private, nonprofit organization in New York that evaluates the operations of many charitable organizations as a service to companies and other major contributors."

CARE's economic operation is due in significant degree to the many volunteers—individuals and organizations—who give their time talents and office space so that CARE can do its job overseas. Advertising agencies, department stores, banks, radios, newspapers and business firms are "silent partners" of the hundreds of thousands of individual and group donors who make possible CARE's massive program of assistance.

"Our only purpose in life," says Frank L. Gioffo, CARE's executive director, "is to provide the means to help those who need it most," and the consensus is that "CARE meets the need admirably."

August 1968 Manila

REFERENCES:

Annual Reports of CARE, Inc. 1960, 1966, 1967. New York.

Bulawin, C.G. "Milking the Milk Beneficiaries." Philippines Free Press. November 26, 1966.

CARE Food Crusade. Brochure. New York. N.d.

CARE News (Releases):

"CARE Around the World." Manila Office.

"$10,000 Awarded CARE by Philippines Will Go to Aid Nigeria-Biafra." Northwest Office. Seattle. September 5, 1968.

"CARE Men Feed Refugees as Saigon Battle Rages." New York Office. February 23, 1968.

"Fact Sheet: Self-Help Program." New York Office.

CARE Philippines. Brochure. New York. N.d.

Daily Mirror. Manila. May 11, 1961.

Evening News. Manila. August 7, 1961; June 23, 1962.

Facts About Care. Brochure. New York. N.d.

Fact Sheet: CARE Vietnam Relief Fund. Brochure. New York. December 1967.

Fact Sheet: 1967-68 CARE Food Crusade. Brochure. New York.

"Fact Sheets About Care, 1966-1968." CARE Newsletters.

Manila Chronicle. May 5, June 27, 1961; August 26, 1963.

Manila Daily Bulletin. September 4, 1961; August 7, 1963; April 22, 1965; June 29, 1967.

Manila Times. December 5, 1961; January 10, 1962; July 18-19, 1967.

Meeker, Oden. The Little World of Laos. New York: Scribner. 1959.

New York Times. March 7, 1958.

Philippines Herald. Manila. March 7, 1959; May 20, 1961.

Physicians to the World. Brochure. New York: Medico, A Service of Care. N.d.

Report on CARE. New York. National Information Bureau, Inc. March 18, 1966. Mimeographed.

A Report on CARE's Work in the Philippines from July 1, 1959 to July 1, 1960. 2 p. Mimeographed.

Self-Help: The Mayoyao Story. Manila: JAYCEE CARE Medical Center. N.d.

This Week. Manila. April 2, 1961.

Wall Street Journal. New York. September 27, 1967.

Weekly Nation. Manila. February 4, 18, March 21, April 11, May 2, 1968; January 7, May 1, July 17, 1967.

Why CARE? Booklet. New York. August 1958.

"Who is CARE?" CARE. Brochure. New York. N.d.