The 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts

BIOGRAPHY of Chang Chun-Ha

The founder and publisher of Sassange Monthly, CHANG CHUN-HA was born on August 27, 1918 at Shineichoo, Northern Korea. The eldest of four sons of a Presbyterian minister, he intended to follow his father into the ministry and was studying at the Presbyterian Japan Theological Seminary in Tokyo when he was conscripted into the Japanese Imperial Army in the winter of 1942.

Among the Korean university students drafted by the Japanese as "Student Volunteers," CHANG was one of 1,600 or so sent to Occupied China, where he and nearly 100 others escaped at the first opportunity to join the Nationalist Chinese guerrillas. Walking barefooted across steep, snow-covered mountains and camping without bedding of any kind in the freezing winter nights, facing both starvation and sudden death, the young Koreans sought courage among themselves by repeating a vow that was to be CHANG’s lifetime pledge: "Let us not inflict such misery on our descendants. We must not become unworthy ancestors."

Some 60 of the escapees, including CHANG CHUN-HA and his comrade Kim Jun-yop, who was later to become one of Korea's leading scholars on modern Chinese history and CHANG’s publishing colleague, were soon enrolled in the Third "Glorious Recovery" Unit at the Chinese Military Academy at Limchan in the Central China Province of Anhui. Out of the classroom barely a year, the young students found life in the military camp tedious and the supplies poor. To relieve their boredom, they decided to continue their education by holding seminars on politics, economics, literature, religion, education and other subjects in which they had majored in college. The discussions proved so enjoyable and of such a caliber that the students agreed some record should be kept.

Using manuscripts, essays, poems and stories taken up in the seminars, CHANG and his friend Kim made up a magazine which they entitled Tungbool, or The Lamp, symbolic of enlightening themselves and their compatriots. Two copies were painstakingly prepared, each completely handwritten with careful brushstrokes. The cover, sewed together from heavily starched pieces of old cloth, bore the design of a lamp superimposed on a map of Korea. Most popular of the available reading materials, the copies were passed from hand to hand among the 60 Koreans in the camp. A second issue was prepared in the same manner before the group was moved to Chungking where they joined with the Korean Provisional Government in exile led by Kim Koo. There, having the use of a mimeograph machine, the students revived The Lamp and had published the fifth issue when they were transferred to Sian to receive special training under the U.S. Army for infiltration into Korea prior to landing of Allied troops.

For the 300 Korean students at the Sian training area, CHANG in his limited leisure time started a second magazine, The Altar, so named to indicate their readiness to sacrifice themselves before the altar of Korean independence. This magazine, also mimeographed and superior in appearance and content to the The Lamp, had been issued twice when the Japanese surrendered on August 15, 1945.

Returning to Korea immediately after liberation with the Korean Provisional Government, CHANG served first as secretary to Kim Koo and later resumed his preparation for the ministry at the Korean Theological Seminary in Seoul, graduating in 1947. For the next three years his activities involved mainly theological work. Plans for advanced study in the United States were changed by the outbreak of the Korean War.

The actual surrender of Japanese troops in Korea on September 2, 1945 brought to an end 35 years of domination. The celebrations were scarcely over, however, when Koreans realized their country was to be divided. Russia, having entered the war with Japan shortly before the surrender, by Allied agreement occupied the area north and U.S. Forces south of the 38th Parallel. Three years of Military Government under the U.S. Army followed in South Korea before general elections were held on May 10, 1948 under the United Nations Temporary Commission. On August 15, 1948, the South Korean Government was inaugurated with Dr. Syngman Rhee as President, holding almost dictatorial powers, and his party in control of the National Assembly.

Almost immediately trouble beset the new Republic. Rebellion and serious uprisings resulted in casualties and destruction. As an aftermath, police repression and brutalities became common occurrences. It was a period of confusion, with mounting inflation and flourishing black markets and the Government harassed by a growing Communist opposition. As prison yards in Seoul resounded to the rattle of firing squads liquidating Communist spies, intermittent firing increased through 1949 along the 38th Parallel, with some South Korean troops deserting to the North.

In June when the last U.S. troops departed leaving only a small advisory group, the North Koreans invaded the Ongjin Peninsula which lies near Inchon and just south of the 38th Parallel. Seoul, 40 miles from the dividing line, fell on June 28th after perfunctory resistance. The roads leading south were blocked by hordes of fleeing refugees. Among them were CHANG CHUN HA, his wife, who was pregnant, and their two-year-old child, leaving behind them a city in shambles with an estimated 50,000 civilians dead.

In the seaport of Pusan, which became the Provisional Capital, the CHANGs found shelter in a cave behind the capital buildings on the eastern outskirts of the city. After filling a variety of jobs Mr. CHANG joined the Ministry of Education in 1952. The Minister was Dr. George Paik, former President of the Korean Christian University who was to become leader of the House of Councilors in 1961. It was his conviction that mental as well as physical nourishment was needed in trying times and, with CHANG as editor, the Ministry sponsored a magazine entitled Sasang, or Thought, "dedicated to giving the people ideas." Soon, however, Dr. Paik left the Ministry, CHANG followed shortly thereafter, and Sasang ceased with the fourth issue.

Obsessed with the idea of a magazine, implanted during the wartime days in China, CHANG then determined to start his own publication. "It was as though I had been born to publish magazines," he recalls. Not to be deterred by economic difficulties and shortages and the other grim realities of a ravaged country, CHANG's fourth magazine, Sassange, or World of Thought, was born in refugee-crowded Pusan in April 1953.

Launched "not for business profits or a search for glory or as a political weapon, but to find the way through spiritual enlightenment of the new generation, the education of the backward, and the building of democratic society," Sassange Monthly looked to the students as the segment of the society who were "to fathom the present and cultivate the future." The magazine was conceived as a public organ which would "in depth shed light on 5,000 years of history and better their traditions and in breadth serve as a medium for the intellectual products of all countries." It was to be the "lamp and index for the ranks of the pure and innocent rising generation."

With these goals in mind, CHANG carried wherever he went a capacious briefcase in which he had stuffed everything from manuscripts to bills—"wherever I opened that bag, there was my office." When the United States Information Service (USIS) offered to back him with six months supply of paper (120 reams of newsprint), CHANG rounded up his friends for funds and professors for articles. His wife was his only helper, correcting manuscripts up to late in the evening while nursing her baby and peddling the magazine during the day from store to store repeating, "Please buy our magazine, the students will like it." Since most meetings with authors and other business were conducted in teahouses, a time came when the CHANGs were no longer welcomed, but after three months they were able to secure desk space in exchange for carrying a Reader's Digest advertisement in their magazine. After a year a woman employee could be added.

More serious than the search for funds and the antiquated type and printing techniques, was the problem of writers and readers. So pervasive was the policy of the Japanese in prohibiting the Korean people from using their own language that, after liberation, publications in Korean appeared strange to most readers, as though written in a foreign language. Also, most of the Korean intelligentsia having been educated in Japanese, only a few could carry on serious political and economic discussions in writing in their own language and among those it was difficult to find authors who could understand and appeal to young students.

By 1953, however, high school students had had seven years of education in Korean. At first they were the main readers and the magazine was pitched to their level. Initial articles were for the most part direct translations from Japanese. Until they had achieved proficiency in the Korean language and an interest in Korean writings could be cultivated, the youths on which CHANG placed his hope were inclined to read rehashed Japanese: "We had to wait for the coming of a new generation which would depend solely upon our language, for both readers and contributors who were versed in Korean."

In December 1953, the CHANGs returned to Seoul and Sassange's office was established at 100 Chongro, 2nd Street, Chongro-ku, where it is still located. Printing less than 3,000 copies monthly of which only 1,100 copies normally were sold, the magazine for a time continued to lose money, but by October 1955, 7,000 copies were being sold monthly and by the end of 1956 circulation reached 30,000. At this time CHANG received assistance from the Asia Foundation of a one-year supply of paper (1,000 reams of newsprint) for the period from July 1955 to June 1956.

Virtually unknown outside of Korea, Sassange in its own country enjoys a prestigious reputation.

Keeping pace with the cultural and intellectual development of its readers, Sassange's quality has improved as its readership expanded. Korean language writers have developed rapidly to the point where the older generation commends them for doing "rather well," and CHANG has been able to gather the finest available, many with established reputations for patriotism and integrity. Contributing to the magazine's stature has been the courage, perseverance and dedication of its publisher and editors. CHANG’s wartime companion, Kim Jun-Yop joined the editorial board in 1954, became editor-in-chief in 1959 and in 1961 associate publisher. The present editor-in-chief, Yang Ho-min, is concurrently professor of political science at Taegu College and an eminent authority on communism.

Of 176 periodicals published in the last nine years, none out of some 30 magazines similar in nature and content to Sassange have survived. Today, the oldest and most firmly established periodical in Korea, Sassange recently was ranked first in circulation among outstanding Korean magazines by the Chosun-Ilbo, one of Korea's leading daily newspapers.

While winning a loyal following among college professors and students as a rallying point and nonpartisan forum for expression, the magazine has remained unpopular with almost all regimes because of its relentless campaign for social justice. During the years of growing political pressures which saw the overthrow of the Rhee regime, Sassange maintained its editorial independence and refused any form of patronage. Of four journalists later politically blacklisted, three have had connections or are still with Sassange, including CHANG. He did not apply for a hearing and clearance, saying: "I am not a politician and the blacklist would affect me only if I ran for public office." Though outspoken, the magazine does not indulge in slander, blind support or irresponsible agitation; its penetrating criticisms are constructive. In his editorials, CHANG never mentions the President, Prime Minister or military leaders by name but uses their title, wishing to emphasize the responsibilities of office rather than focus attention on individuals.

The magazine's 17-member editorial board is composed of professors of leading universities, outstanding lawyers and editorial writers of major newspapers and, on occasion, of scholars representing leading Korean universities in such fields as political science, economics, sociology, literature, history, theology, law and the natural sciences. In the planning of each monthly issue, this group meets to conduct a post mortem on previous issues, discuss current affairs and decide upon the most urgent topic with which to deal next. Editorial Board members also contribute articles to the magazine. Implementing Board recommendations under the direction of the editor-in-chief is a 21-member staff of well-educated young Koreans who are generally bi- or tri-lingual. Unique in Korean journalism is an active research department with a library of literature, periodicals and newspapers from various foreign countries, and research reports prepared by the staff. Among Korean professors, research fellows and journalists abroad, eight act as correspondents for Sassange Monthly in the United States, England, West Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, and Japan.

A five point editorial policy is followed by Sassange Monthly, summed up as:

1. The Unification of Korea. The participation of the United Nations, or at least those countries responsible for the division of Korea, is emphasized. The editors try constantly to remind the readers of the importance of this point of view.

2. Democratic Thought. Guiding and stimulating such thought on the part of the readers, the editors wish to encourage a growing confidence in the democratic form of government.

3. Economic Development. The editors believe that proper industrialization and efforts to rid Korea of its economic backwardness are the most effective measures to fight against Communist infiltration and agitation.

4. Creation of a New Civilization. Korea must allow its society to become modernized, taking advantage of the best of East and West without the drawbacks of narrow chauvinism or pessimistic defeatism.

5. Self-Respect. The editors wish to instill new confidence in the Korean people and thus recover national self-respect.

In general, each month's 400 or so pages of the magazine are divided into three sections: comment and discussions on current domestic and foreign affairs, articles of general interest, and literature and the arts.

A typical issue of October 1961 included the following:

1. "On Settlement of Problems Pending Between Korea and Japan."

Two-page editorial by CHANG CHUN-HA, publisher of the magazine, who says the settlement of general claims and the establishment of normal diplomatic relations should precede the promotion of economic ties with Japan, supporting the revolutionary Government's basic policy toward Japan. CHANG also warns that Japan should drop the traditional strategy of seeking to strengthen its position at the conference table with Korea by demonstrating its "two-Korea" policy, noting that weakening the external and internal position of Korea will never contribute to the defense and democratic development of Japan.

2. Re-Recognition of Freedom.

a. "Essence of Freedom," by Yi Chong-u, Vice President, Korea University. Six-page article, discussing the essence of freedom with the analysis of "self," and existential freedom.

b. "Citizenry Freedom and Social Freedom," by Sin Pom-Sik, editorial writer of the Seoul Iril Shinmun, analyzing freedom and social freedom, and social freedom in underdeveloped countries; nine pages.

c. "Modern Direction of Freedom," by Ch'a Ki-pyok, Associate Professor, College of Law and Political Science, Songyungwan University. Ten-page treatise, discussing "freedom from, for and by the State (modern direction of freedom), theory of freedom in positive state" and "freedom in underdeveloped countries," with the conclusion that the "ultimate purpose of freedom is harmony with equality."

d. "Rupture and Reconstruction of Freedom Unprecedented Since the Days of Dangun," by Sin Sang-ch'o, commentator, ex-Assemblyman. Six-page translated article analyzing the rupture within less than a year of freedom without precedence since the days of the Dangun, the national founder, which was won through the April revolution, and stressing the need for the revolutionary Government to lay a foundation for the development of genuine freedom and democracy.

3. "Position of Finland in International Politics."

Seven-page article by Ralf Torugren (The Neutrality of Finland) as translated from Foreign Affairs, July, 1961, by Chon Yong-ch'ol.

4. "Young Generation's Views on Value."

Seven-page article by Hong Sun-chik, Associate Professor, College of Liberal Arts & Science, Korea University, discussing the definition and nature of value, the views on value as envisaged by college students of Turkey and Japanese youth, etc.

5. "Antimetaphysics and Metaphysics."

Eight-page article by Ha Ki-lak, Professor, Kyongbuk University, discussing German idealism, dialectics, and modern philosophy and the renaissance of metaphysics.

6. "Modern Logic and Analysis of Words."

Seven-page article by Kim T'ae-gil, Associate Professor, College of Literature, Yonsei University, analyzing modern logic and the value of words.

7. "Cottage Industry in France."

Thirteen-page article by Son U-song, Professor, Songyungwan University, referring to cottage industry in France in conjunction with the national reconstruction movement being promoted by the revolutionary Government.

8. "Present and Future of Space Science."

Seven-page article by Han Man-sop, Instructor, College of Engineering, Seoul University, discussing present and future of rocket science, satellites, missiles, and manned satellites.

9. "Election System of West Germany."

Seven-page article by T'ae Yong-un, special correspondent to West Germany, describing the election system of West Germany.

10. "Toward Industrialized Society and Change in Function of College."

Six-page article by Yi Kyu-han, Associate Professor, Teachers' College, Ewha Women's University, discussing the process of construction of industrialized society and the change in the functions of colleges.

11. "Secret Languages and Confused Society."

Eight-page article by Kang Sin-hang, Instructor, College of Liberal Arts & Science, Seoul National University, analyzing secret languages that reflect social confusion and their influence on ordinary languages.

12. "Theory and Practice of Soviet Agriculture."

Thirteen-page article by W. Kay (Soviet Agriculture as a Model for Asian Countries) as translated from the China Quarterly, March, 1961, by Yi Sang-gu.

13. "Debates on Economic Aid."

Fifteen pages. Nine pages by Charles Wolf, Jr. (Economic Aid Reconsidered) and six pages by Milton Friedman (An Answer to Economic Aid Reconsidered), as translated by Kim Chin-hyon.

14. "Atomic Age and Humanism."

Eight-page article by Yi Chongjin, Professor, College of Liberal Arts & Science, discussing inconsistent logic in the manufacture of nuclear weapons, the responsibility of scientists, modern humanism, etc.

15. "Small & Medium Enterprise Bank."

Seven-page article by Hwang Pyong-jun, Professor, College of Commerce, Seoul National University, describing the establishment and function of the bank for small and medium enterprises and its function and problems.

16. "UN and Troika Proposals."

Five-page article by Alan James (Soviet Troika Proposals) as translated by the editorial department of the magazine from the World Today, September, 1961.

17. "A Criticism of National Theory of Marxism." (7th and Final Marxism Seminar).

Seven-page article by Ch’oe Mun-hwan, Dean of College of Commerce, Seoul National University, discussing the national theory of Marxists whose primary interests concern class and the proletariat.

18. Emigration.

a. "Emigration Policy Reviewed," by Pak Tong-Ang, Associate Professor, College of Commerce, Seoul National University, discussing problems of emigration policy, economic efforts of emigration, etc.; six pages.

b. "Status of Korean Emigrants in Central and South America and Areas Available for Emigration," by Chong Yon-gwon, Reporter, Tong-A Ilbo. Ten-page article on the status of Korean emigrants in Central and South America and other areas available for emigration.

c. "Emigration Policy of Japan," by Cho Ki-Song, Europe Section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, discussing the status of Japanese emigration and the emigration policy of Japan. Translation.

d. "Emigration Data." Three pages, prepared by the editorial department of the magazine, on areas available for emigration.

19. "Strategic Confrontation Between USA & USSR and Berlin Crisis."

Twelve-page article by Yi Pom-sok, reviewing the strategies of the United States and Soviet Russia, the Berlin crisis and its influence on the Far Eastern situation.

20. Global Developments.

Nineteen-page account of recent world developments, covering the sudden death of Dag Hammarskjold and the crisis of the United Nations, general elections in West Germany, political crisis in Brazil, and the summit conference of neutral nations and its achievements.

21. World Literature.

Six-page introduction of The Mountain and the Feather and Graham Greene's Leper Colony.

22. Essays.

"Examination and Capability," by Yi Chong-su, Dean, Teachers' College, Seoul National University; "Questionable Authenticity of Authors of Classic Poems," by Pak No-ch’un, Professor, College of Liberal Arts and Science, Kyonghui University; "Daily Work of an Old Student," by Kim Ki-sung, Professor, College of Arts, Seoul National University; and "A Certificate Named Anti-Communism," by Kim Yong-gol, Instructor, Songyungwan University.

23. Poems.

"A Head of Family," by Pak Nam-su; "Grudge," 2nd installment, by Yi Tongju; "Pyomal," by Mun Tok-su; "A Man in My Tower," by Sin Tong-Chip; and "A Study of Woman," by Chong Kong-che.

24. Book Reviews.

Twelve pages, covering The Emerging Nations: Their Growth and United States Policy by Max F. Milliken and Donald L. M. Blackmer; Thomas Mann, der ironische Deutsche, by Erich Heller; Lehrbuch des Verwaltungsrechts, I Band: Allgemeiner Teil, 1958, by Ernst Forsthoff; The Dangerous Summer, 1960, by Ernest Hemingway; and East Asia: the Great Tradition, by Edwin O. Reischauer and John K. Fairbank.

Distributed by some 45 agencies throughout the country on an exclusive representation basis, about 50 per cent of the readers of Sassange are college students. High school and primary school teachers and military personnel account for roughly 30 per cent. College professors, leaders in rural society, businessmen and government officials make up the remaining 20 per cent. To broaden the readership among high school students and women, the number of Chinese characters is being reduced and authors are requested to substitute simpler terminology where possible without loss of value. Articles dealing with such topics as a recent symposium of career women, are also being added.

While bringing to its readers the best of relevant articles and other writings from abroad, the magazine has remained true to its vow and devoted many pages to encouragement of Korean literature. The 10 novelists and more than 20 poets who were introduced to the literary world through Sassange have continued to send their writings to the magazine. In keeping with this effort to inject new life and vigor into Korean literary work, was the establishment of the Tong-In, or Literary Award, of 500,000 hwan (approximately 1300 hwan:US$1), given each year from 1955 to the best of young established writers and a second Shin-In, or New Faces Award, of 500,000 hwan given from 1959 to the best new writer. Three Sassange scholarships of 200,000 hwan each also were initiated in 1959 for promising writers without restriction as to school or subject. Though these awards had to be discontinued in 1961 due to lack of funds, a special 100th Commemorative Issue of the magazine in December 1961 was devoted entirely to literature, carrying articles, fiction, poetry, criticisms and essays by some 80 leaders of the new literary movement.

In addition to the monthly journal, Sassange Publishing Company publishes books of a scholarly nature in the fields of history, political science and literature. Since 1960, the magazine has organized annual traveling seminars, which visit various cities. The first year's theme was the world of thought in literature, the second year's theme was communism.

Considered among the most idealistic of his country's leaders, CHANG is also regarded by some as a controversial figure. While critics grant that CHANG cannot be intimidated by any administration to stop publishing what he believes will enlighten the youth of Korea, they point to a sharp drop in circulation after he joined the government and "lost his objectivity." His idealism had led him for a time to serve as Director to the National Construction Service under Prime Minister Chang Myun, who initially represented the liberal, democratic elements of Korea, but he soon resigned when he detected "a lack of sincerity" among some associates. Though a friend of the Finance Minister of the Chang Myun Cabinet was accepted as an investor in Sassange, the magazine's editorial policy remained unchanged.

Believing that in Korea's present state her citizens should practice austerity, CHANG and his family live simply. Married in 1947 to Kim Hui-sook, a Roman Catholic, the CHANGs have three sons and two daughters, the eldest 14 and the youngest three years old. Mrs. Chang keeps no household help, and there is seldom meat on the table. Mr. CHANG will wear no overcoat in winter "until the man on the street can also afford such luxury." Shy and clean-cut, he refuses to attend keesung, or geisha, parties and keeps much to his magazine work, except to serve with such groups as the Standing Committee for UNESCO.

In his modest, neat office with its atmosphere of a library, the shelves filled with bound copies of quality publications, CHANG zealously watches over Sassange's every department, from policymaking to administration to personnel. He has consistently refused financial help which would have strings attached, preferring to borrow from friends and mortgage his own belongings to tide the magazine over the financial difficulties it constantly meets. Confessing to a poor business sense, he has found himself indebted to Time-Life as a result of a bookkeeping error and inflation, which reduced the value of the hwan from 650 to 1,300 to one U.S. dollar. Requesting that the distributorship be transferred to another company, CHANG is now assigning 3,000 copies of Sassange each month to the successor distributor, with the proceeds to be applied on the debt. His creditors recognize his obligation as an overcommitment in good faith during a period of economic instability.

Discouraged but not defeated by financial setbacks, CHANG insists that publication of Sassange will be continued even if he has to go back to copying it by hand. The excellent writing which now graces the pages of the magazine is to him the most rewarding aspect of his publishing venture. He feels that the important period for Sassange is just beginning, and a lasting mark is still to be made:

" . . . now . . .Koreans are free to think as they please, and the individual citizen is beginning to wrestle with problems he never had to consider seriously before—where Korea is headed, what he should or can do about it. More than ever before, the reader looks to us for ideas which he can develop and carry forward in his own thinking. That is what he expects of us, and that is what we must supply."

August 1962 Manila

REFERENCES:

Chang, Chun-Ha. "As 1961 Passes." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 9, no. 12, December, 1961.

______. "The Successful Completion of the Revolutionary Task and the Restoration of Democratic Government in which Urgency Is Necessary." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 9, no. 7, July, 1961.

______."The Tasks of 1962." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 10, no. 1, January, 1962.

______. "While Publishing the Hundredth." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 9, no. 11, November, 1961. Ham Sok-Hon. "Allow Me a Word." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 9, no. 9, September, 1961.

______. "The August 15th Liberation and Our National Task." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 9, no. 8, August, 1961.

______. "A Few Words on Recent Tendencies." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 9, no. 9, September, 1961.

Lee Hui-sung. "An Open Letter to Japanese Intellectuals—Written in Consideration of the Japanese Point of View." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 9, no. 12, December, 1961.

Yan Ho-Min. "Democracy and the Elite." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 9, no. 11, November, 1961.

______. "The Five Year Plan for Economic Development and the Korea-Japan Question." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 10, no. 2, February, 1962.

______. "A Question We Put to the American People." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 10, no. 3, March, 1962.

______. "Re-Discussing the Solution of the Korea-Japan Question." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 9, no. 10, October, 1961.

______. "Why We Publish Sassange Monthly on Our Ninth Anniversary." Sassange Monthly. Vol. 10, no. 4, April, 1962.

Abstracts of Magazine Articles. April-June, September-November, 1961; January and April, 1962, including Sassange Monthly, Seoul, USIS.

The Conflict in Korea, Events Prior to the Attack on June 25, 1950. U.S. Dept. of State, Far Eastern Series, 45. Publication 4266. 1951.

History of Sassange Monthly, including biographical sketches of Jun-Yop Kim, Associate Publisher and Ho-Min Yang, Editor-in-Chief, Sassange Monthly.

Informal Report from Time-Life. July, 1962.

Oka, Takashi. "Idea Resurgence in Korea." The Christian Science Monitor. 1961?

Oliver, T. Robert. Korea's Fight for Freedom. Selected addresses by President Syngman Rhee Prime Minister John Myun, Col. Ben C. Limb, Pyo Wook Han, and Dr. Y.T. Pyun Washington, D.C., Korean Pacific Press, 1951.

Portway, Donald. Korea, Land of the Morning Calm. London, George C. Harrap, 1953.

Survey Index of Major Korean Magazines, including Sasangge. March, May, September, November, 1961. Seoul, USIS.

United Nations. Department of Public Information. A Korea Chronology, December 27, 1945-February 24, 1951.

Interviews with Chang Chun-ha and persons in Korea acquainted with him and his work.